“The stigma associated with IPV may be especially pervasive in minority victim populations, including men abused by women, people in same-sex relationships, or transgender individuals. These victims may be especially reluctant to report IPV to law enforcement, resulting in a cycle of abuse in which violent partners escape the criminal justice system and become repeat offenders. The reluctance of sexual minority individuals to report IPV is illustrated by a 2013 study in which 59 percent of gay and bisexual men reported that they believed police would be less helpful for gay IPV victims than heterosexual female victims (Finneran & Stephenson, 2013).”